Abstract Multicolor three-dimensional (3D) superresolution techniques allow important insight into the relative organization of cellular structures. While a number of innovative solutions have emerged, multicolor 3D techniques still face significant technical challenges. In this Letter we provide a straightforward approach to single-molecule localization microscopy imaging in three dimensions and two colors. We combine biplane imaging and spectral-demixing, which eliminates a number of problems, including color cross-talk, chromatic aberration effects, and problems with color registration. We present 3D dual-color images of nanoscopic structures in hippocampal neurons with a 3D compound resolution routinely achieved only in a single color.

Abstract The patch clamp technique was used to record cAMP-dependent currents of the guinea pig cochlear hair cell plasma membrane. Data obtained indicate that the channels passing this current are moderately selective for monovalent cations and are effectively blocked by L-cis-diltiazem and reversibly blocked by 1 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+. The single-channel unit conductance estimated in the absence of divalent cations is about 16 pS. The results demonstrate that cyclic nucleotide-dependent channels of cochlear hair cells are virtually identical to the photoreceptor and olfactory ones.

Purpose Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate has become an increasingly common surgical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, the relationship between surgeon experience and surgical outcomes has not yet been fully investigated. In this study we investigated how surgeon experience with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate affected operative time, adverse events and outcomes related to urination. Materials and Methods We gathered a total of 1,113 cases of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate from 5 hospitals in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Included were data on surgeon experience with the procedure, operative time, enucleation time, morcellation time, patient age, perioperative and postoperative surgery related complications, and outcomes related to urination. Results A total of 39 surgeons were included in analysis. Statistical data showed that increasing surgical experience significantly contributed only to surgical time, enucleation time and urinary incontinence after holmium laser enucleation (p = 0.0146, 0.0216 and 0.0405, respectively). No significant changes were seen postoperatively in surgery related factors such as morcellation time, resected prostate volume, infectious or noninfectious surgery related complications, or urination related outcomes (p >0.05) Experience with at least 20 cases in particular affected surgical time (p = 0.0050), enucleation time (p = 0.0068) and urinary incontinence after holmium laser enucleation (p = 0.0021). Conclusions Surgeon experience contributed to shortened operative time and enucleation time, and to decreased postoperative urinary incontinence but not to surgery related complications or urination related outcomes as shown by maximum urine flow and post-void residual urine volume. We also found that experienced surgeons with 31 to 50 cases might be associated with complications after holmium laser enucleation in larger prostate cases. Based on these data further prospective studies are scheduled to establish a program for training in holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.